Based on the best available remote sensing data from before 1990, the total area of formally eligible lands in Indonesia for the aff orestation and reforestation (A/R) Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) activities under the Kyoto protocol is about 46 M ha.

Developing community-based forest enterprises (CBFEs) is an ideal development intervention in poor forest communities as they have the potential to generate income and employment for the poor while supporting sustainable management of forest resources. This potential is limited by various constraints, many of which are unique to forestbased enterprises.

With around half of its land area still forested, Meghalaya – one of the eight states of Northeastern India - has high potential for the development of forest-based enterprises. There are, however, various constraints to the development of forest-based enterprises as demonstrated by the noticeable underdevelopment of industries in the state and the dearth of information regarding the status of existing forest-based industries - an important element to guiding targeted interventions.

In the fields of environmental governance and biodiversity conservation, there is a growing awareness that gender has an influence on resource use and management. Several studies argue that empowering women in resource governance can lead to beneficial outcomes for resource sustainability and biodiversity conservation. Yet how robust is the evidence to support this claim?

Responding to the immediate challenge of how we sustainably intensify the production of food, fuel and fiber to meet future demand without the further degradation of our finite land resource base, Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN), which emerged from the UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) in 2012, is a potential target to address this challenge.

This was especially due to the presence of a large glossoscolecid anecic species, Martiodrilus carimaguensis Jim\233nez and Moreno, which has been greatly favored by conversion of savanna to pasture. Endogeic species were dominant in the natural savanna whereas the anecic species accounted for the 88% of total earthworm biomass in the pasture. Total earthworm density and biomass were significantly different in the two systems studied (t-test).