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Russia

Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Regional Law No. 94-Z “On municipal land control”.

Legislation
Rusia
Europa oriental
Europa

This Regional Law establishes the modalities of organization and performance of municipal land control and regulates the issues of protection of the rights of legal persons and individual entrepreneurs in the process of carrying out municipal land control. Municipal land control shall carry out the following tasks: (a) land law enforcement; (b) protection of municipal and public interests in the sphere of land tenure; (c) prevention of land offences; and (d) public participation in supervision over compliance with land requirements.

Regional Law No. 113-Z “On ensuring fertility of agricultural land”.

Legislation
Rusia
Europa oriental
Europa

This Regional Law regulates relations in the sphere of soil conservation, improvement and rational management of agricultural land in the process of economic activities. The scope of this Regional Law shall be to ensure soil improvement of agricultural land. Each plot of agricultural land shall be issued soil fertility certificate in accordance with soil, agrochemical, phytosanitary, ecological and toxicological analysis and it shall be transferred to owners, tenants and laeseholders of agricultural land.

Regional Law No. 97 “On objects of cultural heritage”.

Legislation
Rusia
Europa oriental
Europa

This Regional Law regulates the issues of state protection and management of the objects of cultural heritage recorded in the state register of the objects of cultural heritage, including land areas and historical and cultural environment. Objects of cultural heritage shall be subject to state identification, monitoring and registration. Objects of cultural heritage shall be classified as of regional and local significance.

Regional Law No. 69 “On food tax”.

Legislation
Rusia
Europa oriental
Europa

This Regional Law establishes that all producers of agricultural commodities shall be subject to mandatory payment of single food tax. Objects of taxation shall be agricultural land held by the producers of agricultural commodities on condition of ownership, tenancy or lease. Food tax shall be paid in the natural form: (a) in grain by grain farming enterprises; (b) in poultry products by poultry farming enterprises; and (c) in natural products calculated as equivalent to a metric ton of grain by other enterprises producing agricultural commodities.