Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 541 - 545 of 1046Regional Law No. 301-OZ “On legal regulation of conservation, management, promotion and state protection of the objects of cultural heritage”.
This Regional Law regulates relations in the sphere of conservation, management, promotion and state protection of the objects of cultural heritage. Objects of cultural heritage shall be recorded in the Unified state register of the objects of cultural heritage. Classification of the objects of cultural heritage shall be performed in accordance with the conclusions of state historical and cultural expertise. Around areas of cultural and historical heritage shall be established protection boundaries.
Regional Law No. 69-ZSO “On conservation and management of the objects of cultural heritage”.
This Regional Law regulates relations in the sphere of conservation, management and promotion of the objects of cultural heritage of regional and local significance, registration thereof and land-use planning related to areas of historical and cultural heritage. Protected areas of the objects of cultural heritage shall include natural landscape (land, rivers, water basins and forests). Objects of cultural heritage shall be subject to mandatory state registration irrespectively of departmental jurisdiction and ownership thereof.
Regional Law No. 63-GD “On improvement of soil fertility of agricultural land”.
This Regional Law establishes legal grounds for state regulation for ensuring agricultural land fertility. Authorized state regional land institution shall perform the following plenary powers: (a) elaboration and realization of measures for economic stimulation of landowners, tenants, including leaseholders for soil improvement with a view of ensuring agricultural land fertility; (b) public investments in ensuring agricultural land fertility; (c) promotion of agrochemical treatment of agricultural land; and (d) monitoring of agricultural land.
Regional Law No. 75/2004-OZ “On turnover of agricultural land”.
This Law regulates relations concerning ownership, land tenure, and disposal of agricultural land, and also land shares in common property, establishing plenary powers of regional administration and local government in the sphere of turnover of agricultural land. It lays down terms and conditions for allotment of plots of agricultural land pertaining to state and municipal property. Agricultural land shall be used exclusively for agricultural production. Privatization of agricultural land shall start from the date of entry into force of this legislative act.
Regional Law No. 69-oz "On some issues of turnover of agricultural land".
This Regional Law regulates some relations concerning turnover of agricultural land and land shares in common property, and also classification of land plots as particularly precious productive agricultural land plots. Minimum consolidated land plot shall be equal to 1, 9 ha. Agricultural organizations and peasant farms having agricultural land plots on condition of permanent (open-ended) or hereditary tenancy shall be granted the right of purchase in ownership thereof at the price of 15 percent of cadastre value of the aforesaid agricultural land plots.