Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 791 - 795 of 1046Regional Law No. 150-4-ZKO “On territorial land-use planning documentation”.
This Regional Law establishes composition and the modalities of elaboration of territorial land-use planning of municipal units, including territorial planning of municipal districts, general urban land-use plans and general plans of urban districts. Territorial land-use planning documentation must contain zoning of urban areas. The period of validity of land-use planning documentation shall be two years and shall be subject to regular renewal for each subsequent two-year period.
Regional Law No. 36-OZ amending Regional Law No. 99-OZ “On some issues of land tenure and land protection”.
Article 8.1 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Communication on possible expropriation of land parcel, including bailout, for public or municipal needs must contain the following data: (a) name of decission-making authority related to land expropriation; (b) name of person concerned in allotment of expropriated land parcel; and (c) data related to land area and bondaries of land parcel destined for expropration”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 99-OZ “On some issues of land tenure and land protection”. (2006-12-21)
Regional Law No. 99-OZ “On some issues of land tenure and land protection”.
This Regional Law regulates some issues of land tenure and land protection and, in particular, transfer of land from one category to another, land survey practices, cadastre registration of land and mapping of boundaries of land parcels transferred from one category to another. It also regulates establishment of public servitude by the regional administration and local government with the consideration of public hearing outcome and classification of land areas as protected areas.
Regional Law No. 73-OZ amending Regional Law No. 31-OZ “On turnover of agricultural land”.
Article 4 shall be amended to add the following wording: “1.1) provide for survey and cadastre registration of land parcels expropriated by court decision and public sale thereof in accordance with the modalities established by civil legislation”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 31-OZ “On turnover of agricultural land”. (2014-04-01)
Regional Law No. 215-ZO “On maximum dimensions of land area allotted for subsistence farming”.
This Regional Law establishes that maximum dimensions of land area allotted for subsistence farming that can be owned and (or) possessed in any other form by citizens carrying out subsistence farming shall amount to 25 ha.