The demand for verifiable evidence of
results and impacts of development agricultural programs and
projects is growing. However, most of the indicators that
development practitioners have traditionally used in
tracking progress toward achieving projects' objectives
focus on the workings of the development operation itself.
These performance indicators relate mainly to lower-level
inputs and outputs and are used to populate management

This year's annual review of
development effectiveness (ARDE) is being written against
the backdrop of a global financial crisis, declining growth,
and massive fiscal stimulus efforts to revitalize markets.
Demand for greater development support from the World Bank
has grown, along with concerns that resources be used
effectively and efficiently to achieve their development
objectives. This ARDE focuses on the Bank's performance

Miombo woodlands stretch across Southern
Africa in a belt from Angola and the Democratic Republic of
Congo (DRC) in the west to Mozambique in the east. The
miombo region covers an area of around 2.4 million km. In
some areas, miombo has been highly degraded as a result of
human use (southern Malawi and parts of Zimbabwe), while in
others, it remains relatively intact (such as in parts of
northern Mozambique, and in isolated areas of Angola and the

This paper focuses on the experience of
the national-level adaptation planning efforts and the
lessons that can be derived for more effective adaptation
from an examination of local governance of development and
natural resources. After examining national level adaptation
plans, particularly the NAPAs (National Adaptation
Programmes of Action), the paper analyzes the range of
institutional instruments and relationships visible in

The price of oil could play a
significant role in influencing the expansion of biofuels.
However, this issue has not been fully investigated yet in
the literature. Using a global computable general
equilibrium model, this study analyzes the impact of oil
price on biofuel expansion, and subsequently, on food
supply. The study shows that a 65 percent increase in oil
price in 2020 from the 2009 level would increase the global

Rapid economic growth in China has
boosted its demand for commodities. At the same time, many
commodity sectors have experienced declining demand from
high-income northern economies. This paper examines two
hypotheses of the consequences of this shift in final
markets for the organization of global value chains in
general, and for the role played in them by southern
producers in particular. The first is that there will be a

Forest-sector collaborative arrangements
come in many forms. The local partner may be a community, an
association, or a set of individual landholders. The outside
partner may be a private organization or a government. The
interest of the local partner may be production of income
from the forest, security of access to land, increased labor
or small business opportunities, protection of traditionally
valued resources, or other values. The interest of the

Climate change governance poses
difficult challenges for contemporary
political/administrative systems. These systems evolved to
handle other sorts of problems and must now be adapted to
handle emerging issues of climate change mitigation and
adaptation. This paper examines long-term climate
governance, particularly in relation to overcoming
"institutional inertia" that hampers the
development of an effective and timely response. It argues

This paper discusses short-run and
long-run effects of "green stimulus" efforts, and
compares these effects with "non-green" fiscal
stimuli. Green stimulus is defined here as short-run fiscal
stimuli that also serve a "green" or environmental
purpose in a situation of "crisis" characterized
by temporary under-employment. A number of recently enacted
national stimulus packages contain sizeable
"green" components. The authors categorize effects

This report summarizes the main outputs
of the technical assistance provided which was concentrated
in three areas: (1) development of MAIL's strategic
priorities and investments for the immediate future/short
term, medium term and longer term; (2) advising Ministry of
Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock (MAIL) regarding the
design of an appropriate structure of the Ministry and
definition of corresponding responsibilities; (3)

This study is intended to be a
systematic and practical guide to the basic features of
modern forestry legislation. It identifies a range of issues
that should be considered in assessing the adequacy of
forest laws and presents options for addressing those issues
in ways that may improve the effectiveness of law as a
foundation for sustainable forest management. Part One
locates forestry law within the wider legal framework,

This evaluation is the first of a series
that seeks lessons from the World Bank Group's
experience on how to carve out a sustainable growth path.
The World Bank Group has never had an explicit corporate
strategy on climate change against which evaluative
assessments could be made. However, a premise of this
evaluation series is that many of the climate-oriented
policies and investments under discussion have close