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Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Regional Law No. 184-z amending Regional Law No. 46-Z “On turnover of agricultural land”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 4 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Maximum agricultural land area within the boundaries of a single municipal district, except for districts specified hereinafter, that can pertain to ownership of a single natural or legal person shall not exceed 10 percent of total available agricultural land area located on the aforesaid territory at the moment of allotment or purchase of such land plots”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 46-Z “On turnover of agricultural land”. (2015-02-24)

Regional Law No. 1961-ZRK “On minimum and maximum land plot area allotted for farming”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Regional Law establishes that maximum land plot area of agricultural land allotted for farming shall not exceed 30 ha, while minimum land plot area allotted for farming shall vary from 0,25 ha to 2,7 ha depending upon availability of agricultural land and decision by local self-government.

Order No. 222 of the Ministry of Economic Development validating the Instruction on cadastre valuation of land of the newly formed plots and existing plots of land in case of change of land category, type of the authorized land management or specificat...

Regulations
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Order establishes that the Instruction shall be applicable to: (a) formation of new plot of land; (b) change of land area or of the boundaries of the plot of land; (c) change of the type of authorized land management; and (d) transfer of a plot of land from one category to another. Land shall be classified in three categories: (1) agricultural land; (2) protected areas; and (3) land of water resources. Cadastre value of the first category shall be calculated by multiplication of average cadastre value of land at the municipal level by land area.

Decree No. 33 of the Chief State Sanitary Inspector validating sanitary regulation.

Regulations
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Decree regards soil improvement, polluted soil cleanups and sanitary protection of soil. It establishes maximum allowed indices of concentration of hazardous substances in soil. The aforesaid indices have been elaborated on the basis of experimental, toxicological, hygienic and sanitary and chemical research.

Regional Law No. 3601-OZ “On objects of cultural heritage”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Regional Law regulates relations originating in the sphere of conservation, management, promotion and state protection of the objects of cultural heritage. State registration of the objects of cultural heritage shall include: (a) identification, inspection and listing of the objects of cultural heritage; (b) formation of the register of the identified objects of cultural heritage; (c) data collection related to the objects of cultural heritage; and (d) monitoring of the objects of cultural heritage.