Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 861 - 865 of 1046Regional Law No. 135 “On expropriation of land”.
This Regional Law establishes case of expropriation, including bailout, of public or municipal land, for state or municipal purposes for the following needs: (a) regional or local construction envisaged by land-use planning scheme; (b) conservation and management of the objects of cultural heritage; (c) for security reasons; and (d) for the fulfilment of regional obligations towards Russian Federation.
Regional Law No. 217-28-OZ “On turnover of agricultural land”.
This Regional Law establishes plenary powers of regional state bodies and local government of municipal units in the sphere of turnover of agricultural land. Maximum land area of agricultural land that can be owned by a single natural or legal person shall not exceed 20 percent of total available land area on a given territory at the moment of concession or purchase of such plots of agricultural land. Minimum lease period of agricultural land shall be 11 months.
Regional Law No. 132-10-OZ “On regulation of relations in the sphere of conservation, management, promotion and state protection of the objects of cultural heritage.
The scope of this Regional Law shall be conservation, management, promotion and state protection of the objects of cultural heritage. Objects of cultural heritage shall be covered by conservation pledge agreement signed by manager of the objects of cultural heritage. Boundaries of the reserve containing objects of cultural heritage shall be mapped in-situ.
Regional Law No. 208-OZ “On guarantees of rights of indigenous peoples”.
This Regional Law establishes basic rights of indigenous peoples as regards local self-government, customary and traditional rights in the sphere of hunting and nature management, and conservation of traditional living environment thereof. Traditional living environment of indigenous populations shall be considered traditionally inhabited areas by indigenous populations and areas of traditional nature management thereof.
Regional Law No. 250-OZ “On areas of traditional management of indigenous peoples of the North”.
This Regional Law establishes the modalities of organization of the territories of traditional management of indigenous small-number populations of the North, legal status of nature management and is directed at the solution of economic, social, ecological and demographic problems for ensuring conservation of the traditional way of life of indigenous peoples. Areas of traditional management of indigenous peoples shall be classified as protected areas.