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Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Regional Law No. 1741-OZ “On allotment of plots of land free of charge in ownership to some categories of citizens”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Regional Law regulates the allotment, free of charge, of public land plots with delimited ownership and pertaining to the regional or municipal public land stock in ownership to some categories of citizens. The following categories of citizens shall have the right of allotment free of charge of public land in ownership: (a) multi-child families; (b) single-parent families with dependent children of minority age; (c) orphans upon reaching the age of 25 years thereby; and (d) families awarded with the Order “Parental glory”.

Regional Law No. 32-ZKO “On establishment of purchase price of plots of land (without construction and edifices thereon) within urban areas destined for agricultural production.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Regional Law establishes that the prices of plots of urban land destined for agricultural production in ownership by agricultural organizations or peasant farms allotted thereto on condition of permanent (open-ended) land tenure or as life-long hereditary possession shall be established with 15 percent reduction in relation to its cadastre value.

Regional Law No. 20-Z amending Regional Law No. 23-Z “On regulation of land relations”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 3 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Regional executive body shall conclude lease contracts, shall legalize purchase and sale contracts related to land plots pertaining to the regional ownership in accordance with legal deed by the Regional Government”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 23-Z “On regulation of land relations”. (2009-03-12)