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Scarcity of quantity and quality feed has been a key constraint to productivity of smallholder crop-livestock systems. Tropical
forages include a variety of annual and perennial grasses, herbaceous and dual-purpose legumes, and multipurpose trees and
shrubs. They have been promoted in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) for increasing livestock productivity and household income
through higher quantity and quality of herbage, while contributing to soil improvement and higher food crop yields. For the first
time, we quantitatively reviewed 72 experimental studies from across SSA to take stock of geographical distribution and forage
technology focus of past research; quantify magnitudes of multidimensional impacts of forage technologies; and present variability in forage agronomy data. Improved forage technologies were classified into four groups: (i) germplasm, (ii) management,
(iii) cropping system integration, and (iv) feeding regime. Mean weighted response ratios were calculated from 780 pairs of
observations for 13 indicators across the five impact dimensions. Improved forage germplasm had on average 2.6 times higher
herbage productivity than local controls, with strongest effect in grasses. Feeding regimes with improved leguminous forages
increased milk yield by on average 39%, dry matter intake by 25%, and manure production by 24%. When forage technologies
were integrated with food crops, soil loss was almost halved, soil organic carbon increased on average by 10%, and grain and
stover yields by 60% and 33%, respectively. This study demonstrates the central role improved forages could play in sustainable
intensification of crop-livestock systems in SSA. It highlights the need for multidisciplinary and systems-level approaches and
studies to quantify synergies and tradeoffs between impact dimensions. Further research is needed to explain forage agronomic
yield variability, unraveling interactions between genotype, on-farm environmental conditions, and management factors. Results
from this review can inform development programs, prioritizing technologies proven successful for dissemination and indicating
magnitudes of expected impacts
