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Russia

Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Displaying 196 - 200 of 1046

Regional Law No. 891-180 “On improvement of natural environment”.

Legislation
Rússia
Europa Oriental
Europa

This Regional Law shall have as its purpose ensuring the right of citizens to favorable environment, thus ensuring favorable conditions for vital activity of citizens, and delimits plenary powers between city state bodies, local government and municipal units in the sphere of improvement of natural environment. Improvement of natural environment shall be intended a series of arrangements related to land-use planning within urban areas in accordance with land-use planning scheme.

Regional Law No. 1216-ZZK amending Regional Law No. 303-ZZK “On turnover of agricultural land”.

Legislation
Rússia
Europa Oriental
Europa

Article 5 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Plots of agricultural land out of stock of public or municipal land shall be allotted to citizens in accordance with the modalities set forth by Land Code of the Russian Federation”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 303-ZZK “On turnover of agricultural land”. (2009-12-18)

Order No. 383 of the Ministry of Culture validating the Statute of the Federal Supervision Service on Cultural Heritage related to conservation and protection of cultural heritage.

Regulations
Rússia
Europa Oriental
Europa

This Order establishes that the Federal Supervision Service on Cultural Heritage shall be entitled with the task of conservation and protection of the objects of cultural heritage of federal significance. Federal Supervision Service on Cultural Heritage shall carry out the following functions: (a) inspection of the objects of cultural heritage; and (b) assessment of the function of the regional executive bodies in relation to conservation and protection of the objects of cultural heritage.

Regional Law No. 269-ZO amending Regional Law No. 154-ZO “On regulation of land relations”.

Legislation
Rússia
Europa Oriental
Europa

Article 12 (1) shall be amended to add the following wording: “Authorized regional executive body shall publish annually by December on public land plots destined for transfer to citizens in ownership free of charge the following information: (a) number of available land plots; (b) dimensions, location and cadastre numbers of land plots; (c) authorized types of land tenure; (d) modalities, deadline for submittal of applications; and (e) means and time for contacting the official authorized to release additional information on available land plots”.

Regional Decree No. 615 “On the modalities of performance of municipal land control”.

Regulations
Rússia
Europa Oriental
Europa

This Regional Decree establishes the modalities of performance of municipal land control by local government. Municipal land control shall be conducted in the form of ordinary and extraordinary inspections of legal persons and individual entrepreneurs. The subject of inspection shall be checking data and information contained in the documentation related to land tenure. The scope of inspection shall be to control compliance by land tenant with compulsory legislative requirements related to land tenure with a view of prevention and suppression of unauthorized transactions with land.