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Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Displaying 696 - 700 of 1046

Regional Law No. 441-OZ “On some issues of granting of forest land plots to citizens free of charge for the length of service for limited utilization”.

Legislation
Rússia
Europa Oriental
Europa

This Regional Law establishes that forest land plots granted to citizens free of charge for the length of service for limited utilization shall be allotted to forest officers and staff of state hunting organizations (game managers and gamekeepers) for agro-forestry (haymaking, grazing, apiculture, growing of crops etc.). Land areas shall be established within the following limits: (a) arable land – 3 ha; (b) haymaking – 10 ha; and (c) other agricultural activities – 5 ha.

Regional Law No. 66-4-OZ “On allotment of public land and land of undelimited ownership in urban area to housing construction cooperatives”.

Legislation
Rússia
Europa Oriental
Europa

This Regional Law establishes the modalities of allotment of public land and land of undelimited ownership in urban area to housing construction cooperatives. Transfer of land shall be performed by the authorized regional state executive body in the sphere of land management. Regional Government shall define categories of citizens that can be inserted in the lists of housing construction cooperatives subject to allotment of public land and land of undelimited ownership in urban area.

Regional Law No. 475-OZ “On allotment of forest land plots to citizens for agricultural activity for individual personal needs”.

Legislation
Rússia
Europa Oriental
Europa

This Regional Law establishes that forest land plots granted to citizens free of charge or with the establishment of servitude for agro-forestry (haymaking, grazing, apiculture, reindeer ranching, growing of crops etc.). Land areas shall be established within the following limits: (a) arable land – 3 ha; (b) haymaking – 10 ha; (c) apiculture – 0, 3 ha; and (d) other agricultural activities – 5 ha. Citizens shall have the right to allotment of several forest land plots for performance of different agricultural activities.

Regional Law No. 30/2013-OZ amending Regional Law No. 94/2005-OZ “On objects of cultural heritage”.

Legislation
Rússia
Europa Oriental
Europa

Article 3 shall be amended to add the following wording: “General projects of land use planning, rules of land tenure related to territories of historical human settlements shall require coordination by the competent authority”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 94/2005-OZ “On objects of cultural heritage”. (2009-03-27)

Regional Law No. 109-OZ amending Regional Law No. 166-OZ “On regulation of some land relations”.

Legislation
Rússia
Europa Oriental
Europa

Article 7 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Allotment to natural and legal persons owning edifices, constructions and installations located on plots of land pertaining to public or municipal property shall be performed for payment in accordance with federal and regional legislation, and normative legal acts of local government”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 166-OZ “On regulation of some land relations”. (2009-06-26)