Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 566 - 570 of 1046Regional Law No. 49-OZ “On the particulars of turnover of agricultural land”.
This Law regulates relations concerning ownership, land tenure, and disposal of agricultural land. It establishes terms and conditions for allotment of plots of agricultural land pertaining to state and municipal property, and also the modalities of expropriation thereof in regional and municipal ownership. Agricultural land shall be used exclusively for agricultural production. Privatization of agricultural land, pertaining to regional of municipal property shall be authorized beginning from 1 January 2005.
Regional Law No. 11 “On turnover of agricultural land”.
This Regional Law regulates the modalities of turnover of agricultural land. It establishes plenary powers and jurisdictional competence of the regional administration and local government in the sphere of turnover of agricultural land. Minimum land area of agricultural land plots authorized for transactions shall be equivalent to average district land share defined at the moment of land allotment free of charge and maximum agricultural land area that can be owned by a single natural or legal person shall not exceed twenty-five percent of total available agricultural land area.
Regional Decree No. 184-P validating the Regulation “On purchase for public needs of agricultural land plots and agricultural land shares”.
This Decree establishes the modalities of purchase for public needs of agricultural land plots and agricultural land shares. Regional Administration shall have preferential right of purchase of agricultural land plots and agricultural land shares put on public sale and the vendor must inform the Regional Administration o sale of agricultural land plots and agricultural land shares by means of written notification. Annex 1 contains notification form.
Regional Law No. 111 “On the particulars of turnover of agricultural land”.
This Law regulates relations concerning ownership, land tenure, and disposal of agricultural land. It establishes terms and conditions for allotment of plots of agricultural land pertaining to state and municipal property, and also the modalities of expropriation thereof in regional and municipal ownership. Agricultural land shall be used exclusively for agricultural production. Privatization of agricultural land, pertaining to regional of municipal property, shall be authorized six months after entry into force of this Regional Law.
Regional Law No. 40-Z “On turnover of agricultural land”.
This Law regulates relations concerning ownership, land tenure, and disposal of agricultural land. It establishes terms and conditions for allotment of plots of agricultural land pertaining to state and municipal property, and also the modalities of expropriation thereof in regional and municipal ownership. Agricultural land shall be used exclusively for agricultural production. Privatization of agricultural land, pertaining to regional of municipal property, shall be authorized beginning from 1 January 2008.