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Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Regional Law No. 6-RZ amending Regional Law No. 17-RZ “On governance of public property”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 8.1 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Regional Government shall exercise the following plenary powers: (a) governance of regional public land; (b) allotment of land plots pertaining to regional property free of charge in ownership or in open-ended hereditary possession or tenancy; (c) land valuation for the purpose of conclusion of purchase and sale contracts; (d) establishment of land lease fees; (e) establishment of servitude fees and establishment of public servitude; and (f) validation of average cadastre value of land”.

Regional Law No. 346-ZS amending Regional Law No. 19-zs “On regulation of land relations”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 9.1 establishes minimum and maximum land plot area dimensions allotted free of charge to citizens in ownership for individual housing construction, subsidiary small holding and family farming.

Amends: Regional Law No. 19-zs “On regulation of land relations”. (2015-02-25)

Regional Law No. 17-RZ “On governance of public property”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Regional Law establishes basic principles related to governance of public property. Regional Government shall perform autonomous governance of the regional public property. Governance of public property shall be based upon the following principles: (a) legitimateness; (b) accountability and controllability; (c) openness and transparency; and (d) efficiency.

Amended by: Regional Law No. 6-RZ amending Regional Law No. 17-RZ “On governance of public property”. (2015-03-31)