Stipagrostis pungens is a perennial grass species which belongs to the Poaceae family. It is usually found with several erect culms, grows up to 1.5 m in height, and forms substantial tufts. It is a tall stiff glabrous grass with pungent leaves, and a C4 grass with sclerophyllous, spine-tipped, inrolled leaves, with sunken stomata.

Representation of land-use and hydrologic interactions in respective models has traditionally been problematic. The use of static land-use in most hydrologic models or that of the use of simple hydrologic proxies in land-use change models call for more integrated approaches.

Representation of land-use and hydrologic interactions in respective models has traditionally been problematic. The use of static land-use in most hydrologic models or that of the use of simple hydrologic proxies in land-use change models call for more integrated approaches.

The topic of how best to make rangelands secure for local rangeland users is one of ongoing debates.

Why this study?
Recent years have witnessed an increase in violent conflicts involving pastoralists in parts of West Africa and the Sahel. They often take the form of clashes between herders and farmers, impacting human, national and regional security.

La présente étude est un e tentative de présentation des tendances d’évolution en Afrique de l’Ouest du droit pastoral en général, et des législations pastorales en part i culier.

This infographic is the third of a series of six infographics on "FAO cash & voucher toolbox". It presents the definition, key objectives, main reasons for use and FAO technical expertise on input trade fairs.