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This policy brief argues that the time, funding and institutional support required to carry out tenure reform in South Africa have been seriously under-estimated. Reformed tenure rights are ineffective and vulnerable if isolated from other entitlements such as training, finance and integrated development initiatives. It challenges the view that property rights and markets by themselves will transform rural areas where people are in deep crisis due to unemployment, corruption, food insecurity and HIV/AIDS.The brief maintains that workable arrangements to negotiate and find productive and just solutions to diverse interests and potentially divisive conflicts might be attainable if the institutions which take charge of transferred land are given power and capabilities that go beyond land and are linked to appropriate levels of local governance.