This joint report on MDB Climate Finance
captures a particular context of activities that
Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) carry out in
developing and emerging economies. The context is built on
the premise that development finance is being provided in a
world shaped by climate change. This is the fourth edition
of the Joint Report on MDB Climate Finance. The report
covers financing for climate change mitigation and

How much do poor rural households rely
on environmental extraction from natural ecosystems? And how
does climate variability impact their livelihoods? This
paper sheds light on these two questions with household
income data from the Poverty and Environment Network
pantropical data set, combined with climate data for the
past three decades. The study finds that extraction of wild
resources (from natural forests, bushlands, fallows, etc.)

Climate-related hazards have adverse
effects on national growth and poverty reduction, affecting
the poor and several sectors of the economy simultaneously.
At its current rate of growth, Vietnam will become a major
global greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter. The Government of
Vietnam initiated the Climate Public Expenditure and
Investment Review (CPEIR) to advance an understanding of the
current policy and institutional architecture as well as to

Climate change is a critical issue
facing the countries of the Nile basin. While individual
weather events are difficult to attribute to climate change,
their sum is already having adverse effects on socioeconomic
conditions across the region. While climate change was not
an overt focus of the Nile basin initiative’s (NBI’s)
mandate when it was launched in 1999, it has emerged as a
key challenge for countries of the Nile to take seriously.

This paper informs the national and
international policy discussions related to the adoption of
the United Nations Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and
Forest Degradation Programme. Effective program instruments
must carefully consider incentives, opportunity costs, and
community interactions. A choice experiment survey was
applied to rural Ethiopian communities to understand
respondents’ preferences toward the institutional structure

Watershed management has come to be
recognized as a critical issue in the Nile Basin. Upstream
land use can cause degradation and soil erosion, resulting
in lower agricultural yields locally and causing
sedimentation downstream. The increased sediment load causes
economic problems by reducing water quality, and irrigation
and hydropower potential, as well as increasing flooding.
This note shows how, through Basin-wide cooperation, the

This paper provides field
experiment–based evidence on the potential additional forest
carbon sequestration that cleaner and more fuel-efficient
cookstoves might generate. The paper focuses on the Mirt
(meaning “best”) cookstove, which is used to bake injera,
the staple food in Ethiopia. The analysis finds that the
technology generates per-meal fuel savings of 22 to 31
percent compared with a traditional three-stone stove with

Improved agricultural risk management is one of the core enabling actions of the
Group of Eight’s (G-8’s) New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition. The Agricultural
Risk Management Team (ARMT) of the Agriculture and Environment Services
Department of the World Bank conducted an agricultural sector risk assessment to better understand the dynamics of agricultural risks and
identify appropriate responses, incorporate agricultural
risk perspective into decision-making, and build capacity
of local stakeholders in risk assessment and management.

This report is the culmination of a
cross-African countries analytical and empirical study
commissioned by the World Bank, which set out to improve the
understanding of the characteristics and environmental,
economic, and social performances of small-scale fisheries
in Africa. It applies a common evaluation tool, called
Fishery Performance Indicators (FPIs), which evaluates the
ecological, social, and economic performances of a

This report seeks to understand the
successes, challenges and opportunities of Cambodia’s
agricultural transformation over the past decade to derive
lessons and insights on how to maintain future agricultural
growth, and particularly on the government’s role in
facilitating it. It is prepared per the request of the
Supreme National Economic Council and the Ministry of
Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries and is based on the

This report focuses on how we achieve
water sustainability over long timescales - decades, even
centuries from now. These timescales are important and
relevant to our decisions about planning, infrastructure,
and institutions today. Many of the methods we use to manage
water, directly or indirectly, commit us to future decision
pathways and restrict us from making other, alternative
decisions. Across the first four chapters, this report

Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, focuses on economic policy as the key to mobilizing a
coordinated global response to climate change. He talks
about the need to confront climate change, without which
there will be no hope of ending poverty or boosting shared
prosperity. He adds that the longer the delay in tackling
climate change, the higher the cost will be to do the right
thing for our planet and our children. He affirms that from the