The climate-smart agriculture (CSA) concept reflects
an ambition to improve the integration of agriculture
development and climate responsiveness. It aims to
achieve food security and broader development goals
under a changing climate and increasing food demand.
CSA initiatives sustainably increase productivity, enhance
resilience, and reduce/remove GHGs, and require planning
to address tradeoffs and synergies between these three
pillars: productivity, adaptation, and mitigation [1]. The

Smallholder irrigation expansion would signi cantly increase agricultural production, and reduce food insecurity and poverty levels in East Africa. This paper reviews literature on trends, constraints and opportunities of smallholder irrigation in four East African countries: Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Irrigation development has been slow in these countries, and has been mainly through traditional schemes.

The climate-smart agriculture (CSA) concept reflects an ambition to improve the integration of agriculture development and climate responsiveness. It aims to achieve food security and broader development goals under a changing climate and increasing food demand.

This Research Report chronicles the evolution of thinking on water productivity in the research agenda of IWMI and in the broader irrigation literature over the past 20 years. It describes the origins of the concept and the methodological developments, its operationalization through applied research, and some lessons learned over the two decades of research.

Food security entails having sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet dietary needs. The need to optimise nitrogen (N) use for nutrition security while minimising environmental risks in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is overdue. Challenges related to managing N use in SSA can be associated with both insufficient use and excessive loss, and thus the continent must address the ‘too little’ and ‘too much’ paradox. Too little N is used in food production (80% of countries have N deficiencies), which has led to chronic food insecurity and malnutrition.

Ce document décrit le Sénégal sur le plan de l'Agriculture Intelligente face au Climat (AIC). Le concept d’agriculture intelligente face au climat (AIC) traduit l’ambition d’assurer une meilleure intégration du développement de l’agriculture et de la réactivité face au climat. Il vise à assurer la sécurité alimentaire et atteindre les objectifs de développement plus larges dans un contexte

Although women in Ecuador have relatively strong property rights, these are not always honored, resulting in
their experiencing patrimonial violence. This is one of the reasons that, according to our national household assets
survey, the value of women’s assets on average is less than that of men. Nonetheless, there are major differences
in the average value of wealth attained depending on a person’s marital status (being much higher among those
who are married in comparison to living in a consensual union) and in the size of the gender wealth gap (being