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Russia

Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Displaying 736 - 740 of 1046

Regional Law No. 20 amending Regional Law No. 46 “On turnover of agricultural land”.

Legislation
Fédération de Russie
Europe orientale
Europe

Article 12 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Contract of lease of agricultural land pertaining to regional or municipal property shall be concluded for the period from three to nine years, except for cases established by the Federal legislation”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 46 “On turnover of agricultural land”. (2006-05-05)

Order No. 458 of the Federal Hydrometeorological and Environmental Monitoring Service validating the Regulation on mapping in Antarctica.

Regulations
Fédération de Russie
Europe orientale
Europe

This Ministerial Decree establishes the modalities of mapping of the infrastructure pertaining to the Russian Federation in Antarctica and installation of information signs by the authorized state operator.

Regional Law No. 1751-ZRK “On apiculture”.

Legislation
Fédération de Russie
Europe orientale
Europe

The scope of this Regional Law shall be to set forth the conditions for the breeding, keeping and protection of bees, and also for protecting legal rights and interests of natural and legal persons carrying out apiculture. State support to apiculture shall be granted in accordance with regional programmes related to state support of agricultural activity.

Regional Law No. 10-5-ZKO “On management of public land”.

Legislation
Fédération de Russie
Europe orientale
Europe

This Regional Law regulates the issues of ownership, tenancy and management of public land. The aforesaid operations shall be performed by the authorized regional state body. The following categories of land plots shall be considered pertaining to regional public ownership: (a) recognized as such by the federal laws; (b) land right originating from delimitation of public property to land; (c) land transferred to the regional property by the Russian Federation; and (d) land purchased by the regional administration.

Order No. 648 of the Ministry of Economic Development validating the Regulation on the modalities of formation and release of information on sites subject to state cadastre evaluation.

Regulations
Fédération de Russie
Europe orientale
Europe

This Order establishes the modalities of formation and release of information on sites subject to state cadastre evaluation and, in particular, valuation of urban land plots under edifices.