In less than fifty years, Brazil evolved
from a predominantly rural society and economy to a highly
urbanized country in which 85 percent of its people now live
in urban areas and more than 90 percent of the country’s GDP
is generated in the cities. This rapid urbanization process
was characterized by a lack of planning and an enduring
framework of inequality, resulting in high degrees of
concentrated poverty in the urban areas. Much of this

The geo-economy presents Lebanon with
challenges associated with being a nexus for regional fault
lines and risks from its dependence on capital inflows.
Despite markedly improved security conditions since the
start of 2015, anxiety over regional turmoil and potential
spillover effectspersist. All the while, Lebanon continues
to be, by far, the largest host of Syrian refugees (in
proportion to the population). In addition, the economy’s

Revenue administration is a major point of contact between government and the people. Good revenue administration thus becomes an important feature of good governance. This fact has made policy makers increasingly mindful of the need to promote voluntary tax compliance by reducing the costs incurred by taxpayers to comply with their tax obligation.

The research employs case studies to grasp the processes and forms of ongoing land consolidation, factors affecting land consolidation, viewpoints on land consolidation and impacts of land consolidation on stakeholders and the society. Nine models of land consolidation are selected in the research in various provinces.

A case study commissioned and published by Land Core Group and conducted by Kevin Woods on the risks, opportunities and inequalities presented by contract farming and industrialised farming techniques in practice. The case study examines maize smallholder production in Shan State, a contract farming scheme by the Charoen Pokphand Group. Draft published for review in December 2015.

This country report commences with a brief identification of the political-economic context that sets the parameters for existing land governance and for
reform in Myanmar. It then explores the politicaleconomic dynamics of land relations and identifies key transitions in land relations that affect access to land and tenure security for smallholders. Finally, the report discusses key openings for, and constraints to, land governance reform.

A discussion paper by Robyn Johnston, Michael Roberts, Thuon Try and Sanjiv de Silva on groundwater for irrigation in Cambodia, published by International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka, iDE Cambodia in June 2013.

A research paper by Jochen Hinkel and Timo Menniken on institutional adaptation to the effects of climate change in management of transboundary river basins, published in 2007 by Institute of Environmental Systems Research, University of Osnabrueck.

An analysis paper by Future Directions International on livelihood considerations and food security in the Lower Mekong countries, published in May 2016.

A submission from EarthRights International regarding the Paperwork Review Act approval process for the reporting requirements. On July 11, 2012, the U.S. Government announced a partial waiver of the ban on new investments in Myanmar. Americans are now allowed to invest in Myanmar but will be required to provide annual reports on their policies and procedures for human rights, environmental management, labor standards, land acquisition, and anti-corruption.

Field visits to over twenty villages in five different provinces of the Lao PDR have shown that across all ethnic groups, communities use and manage communal lands. Types of lands often found to be under communal management include upland areas, grazing lands and village use and sacred forests. Communities and use groups have devised local rules for provision, management and appropriation of communal resources. Valuable lessons for the process of recognizing communal land rights can also be drawn from two neighbouring countries.

This paper evaluates the possible impacts of climate change and land use change and its combined effects on erosion and deposition in the Mae Nam Nan sub-catchment, Thailand. Soil loss models were employed to estimate soil loss and net soil loss under direct impact (climate change), indirect impact (land use change) and full range of impact (climate and land use change) to generate results at a 10 year interval between 2020 and 2040.