Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 146 - 150 of 1046Regional Law No. 401-OZ “On land valuation”.
This Regional Law establishes the value of public or municipal land destined for sale to the owners of edifices and construction located thereon. The price of public or municipal land shall be equal to two and a half percent of cadastre value in case of sale to commercial organizations, individual entrepreneurs, citizens and non-commercial organizations that are owners of the aforesaid constructions and edifices.
Regional Law No. 28-ZRH amending Regional Law No. 105-ZRH “On objects of cultural heritage”.
Article 6 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Regional Government shall be responsible for organization and performance of regional state supervision over the state, maintenance, conservation, keeping, management, promotion and state protection of the objects of cultural heritage of regional and local (municipal) significance”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 105-ZRH “On objects of cultural heritage”. (2013-07-05)
Regional Law No. 7-OZ “On ensuring fertility of agricultural land”.
The scope of this Regional Law shall be to ensure fertility of agricultural land by owners, landlords, land tenants and leaseholders. The main arrangements for ensuring soil fertility shall be: (a) elaboration and realization of regional programs; (b) soil, agrochemical, phytosanitary, ecological and toxicological inspection; (c) investments in soil conservation and reproduction; and (d) improvement of soil quality and fertility.
Regional Law No. 89-OZ amending Regional Law No. 65-OZ “On turnover of agricultural land”.
Article 3 shall be amended to add the following wording: “In case of sale of agricultural land plot the Regional administration shall have preferential right of purchase at offered price except for case of sale through public auction and expropriation for public and municipal needs”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 65-OZ on turnover of agricultural land. (2003-12-18)
Regional Law No. 519-OZ “On calculation of land price in case of sale without tender and calculation of payment of consolidated land plots”.
This Regional Law establishes that price of land plots with undelimited public ownership in case sale of the aforesaid plots of land in ownership without tender shall vary from the minimum of 2,5 percent of cadastre value of land to the maximum of 24 percent of cadastre value of land depending upon land category.