Resource information
The financial and economic crisis that
started in the United States has finally impacted all urban
communities and investment financing systems around the
world. Local governments grappling with the crisis face a
number of constraints which, though disparate in nature,
have a cumulative effect. This phenomenon has created a
number of extremely difficult situations. In general terms,
the consequences of the crisis can be felt on four levels:
1) revenue-either generated by local governments or derived
from State transfers-which may be subject to sharp declines;
2) expenditures, which are rising because of the slowdown in
economic activity and the corresponding increases in
unemployment and social welfare needs; 3) financing
capacities, which are shrinking owing to the difficulty in
obtaining loans and the increase in the cost of money; and
4) foreign investment, which has declined; operations
underway, which have been put on hold in many instances; and
projects, which have either been cancelled or delayed. The
two major financing systems bond issues and banks whether
specialized or not, have been heavily impacted. Governments
have adopted different measures depending on political and
institutional environment. The situation differs greatly
from one country to another. In some institutional contexts,
local governments are relatively sheltered while in others,
they are exposed. In terms of assets, local governments that
can invest their funds in the market have been directly
affected by losses in capital. The deterioration in local
government accounts is often one of the factors constraining
the ability of these governments to borrow.
