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Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Ministerial Decree No. 538 amending Ministerial Decree No. 874 validating the Regulation on allocation of subsidies for partial compensation of expenditure of peasant farms for legalization of ownership of agricultural land.

Regulations
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Item 2 shall be amended to add the following wording: “2. Subsidies shall be allocated for cadastre work in the process of legalization of ownership of peasant farms to the plots of agricultural land.”

Amends: Ministerial Decree No. 874 validating the Regulation on allocation of subsidies for partial compensation of expenditure of peasant farms for legalization of ownership of agricultural land. (2011-10-31)

Order No. P/52 of the Federal State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography Service validating the Statute of the Service.

Regulations
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Order establishes that Federal State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography Service the authorized federal executive body carrying out functions pertaining to its competence. In particular it organizes the functioning of state unitary enterprises, federal state bodies that carry out functions in the sphere of state registration of rights to immovable property, transactions thereof and state cadastre registration.

Order No. 766 of the Ministry of Economic Development validating the Regulation on access to information related to immovable property.

Regulations
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Order establishes the modalities of access to information related to immovable property contained in state cadastre. Access to information shall be granted to the applicant in the form of access code to state cadastre of immovable property. The applicant shall have the right of research in the state cadastre of the information related to cadastre reference data related to plot of land, category of plots of land, authorized uses of plot of land and total land area of plot of land.

Federal Law No. 8-FZ amending Federal Law No. 93-FZ amending some legislative acts regarding land ownership.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 12 shall be amended to add the following wording: “State executive bodies and local self-government shall carry out cadastre activity related to plots of agricultural land and plots of land destined for housing.”

Amends: Federal Law No. 93-FZ amending some legislative acts regarding land ownership. (2006-06-30)

Ministerial Decree No. 109 validating the Regulation of plenary powers of the Federal Hydrometeorological and Environmental Monitoring Service in relation expropriation, concession and reservation of land.

Regulations
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

The Premier establishes that the Federal Hydrometeorological and Environmental Monitoring Service shall make decisions on expropriation, including re-purchase, of the plots for land for federal needs for location thereon of stationary observation points for monitoring of physical and chemical environmental processes, and reservation of land for the aforesaid purposes.