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Russia

Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Displaying 111 - 115 of 1046

Regional Law No. 3303/903-U-OZ “On management of land resources on the regional territory”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

The scope of this Regional Law shall be improvement of state regulation in the sphere of land property relations, originating in the process of ownership, tenancy and governance of land on the regional territory. Land governance shall be based upon the principles of efficiency, equity, publicity, openness and transparency. Land tenure must ensure ecosystems conservation, thus guaranteed reproductive qualities of agricultural land and forestland.

Regional Law No. 40-RZ amending Regional Law No. 59-RZ “On objects of cultural heritage”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 10 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Financing of the arrangements for state protection of the objects of cultural heritage shall be performed form funds specified in the part 1 of the Article 13 of the Federal Law “On cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 59-RZ “On objects of cultural heritage”. (2006-12-20)

Regional Law No. 3121-KZ amending Regional Law No. 532-KZ “On regulation of land relations”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

Article 4 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Supreme regional executive body in the sphere of land relations shall set forth the modalities of determination of lease fees for land plots allotted on lease without tender, pertaining to regional public ownership, and lease fees for land plots allotted on lease without tender, with undelimited public ownership”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 532-KZ “On regulation of land relations”. (2009-07-23)

Regional Law No. 7/2008-OZ “On some issues of legal regulation of land relations”.

Legislation
Russia
Eastern Europe
Europe

This Regional Law establishes the following cases of allotment of public land free of charge on condition of ownership to citizens: (a) multi-child families with three and more minor children for farming; (b) families with disabled children for farming; (c) orphans for housing construction; (d) disabled persons for housing construction, gardening, horticulture and subsistence farming in rural areas; (e) war veterans for housing construction; (f) rehabilitated victims of political repressions for housing construction, gardening, horticulture and subsistence farming in rural areas; (g) person