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Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Displaying 961 - 965 of 1046

Instruction No. 01-19/138-11 regarding soil decontamination with methyl bromide in hothouses.

Regulations
Fédération de Russie
Europe orientale
Europe

This Instruction establishes the modalities of soil decontamination with methyl bromide in hothouses (irrespective of the form of property) for cucumber, tomato, pepper and aubergine plants, greens (lettuce, parsley and celery) and ornamental flowering plants to protect against terricolous pests. In each case, the treatment of soil with methyl bromide shall be coordinated with the state sanitary service.

Ministerial Decree No. 374 on improving the management of reclaimed land and the operation of land reclamation systems.

Regulations
Fédération de Russie
Europe orientale
Europe

This Ministerial Decree requires the inspection of reclaimed land and the separation of land reclamation systems, waterworks and pumping facilities according to form of ownership. The State land reclamation service shall carry out annual inspections of land reclamation systems and facilities and shall conclude contracts with agricultural enterprises for the maintenance and operation thereof.

Ministerial Decree No. 590 amending Ministerial Decree No. 316 of 2000 regarding validation of the Regulation on state cadastre valuation of land.

Regulations
Fédération de Russie
Europe orientale
Europe

Item 1 shall be amended to add the phrase: “Organization and implementation of state cadastre valuation of land shall be the competence of the Federal Agency of Immovable Property and its territorial branches.”

Amends: Ministerial Decree No. 316 of 2000 regarding validation of the Regulation on carrying out state cadastre valuation of land. (2000-04-08)

Federal Law No. 21-FZ amending article 61 of the Land Code.

Legislation
Fédération de Russie
Europe orientale
Europe

The following wording shall be added to article 61(2): “Damages caused to citizens or legal persons as a result of the validation by a state executive body or local self-government body of a legislative act that does not comply with the law or other legislative acts and that infringes on the land rights of citizens shall be subject to compensation in accordance with civil legislation.”

Amends: Land Code (No. 136-FZ of 2001). (2001-10-25)

Ministerial Decree No. 47 on the preparation and conclusion of contracts for the lease of national parkland.

Regulations
Fédération de Russie
Europe orientale
Europe

This Ministerial Decree stipulates that national parkland may be leased for recreational activities in accordance with land legislation, legislation on protected areas and this Regulation. The following plots of land located within the boundaries of any national park may be leased: (a) areas of tourism; (b) areas of ecological education; and (c) recreational areas. Lease contracts must contain terms and conditions, location, purpose of use and authorized activities, and also a prohibition on subleasing the land.