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Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.

Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.

Russia is a semi-presidential federation.

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Regional Law No. 67-6-ZKO amending Regional Law No. 141-4-ZKO “On land-use planning projects.

Legislation
Janvier, 2016
Fédération de Russie

Article 3 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Elaboration of land-use planning projects shall be performed with the consideration of accessibility to the objects of social, engineering and transport infrastructure for disabled persons and low-mobility groups of the population”.

Amends: Regional Law No. 141-4-ZKO “On land-use planning projects. (2008-11-07)

Regional Decree No. 11-pp “On the modalities of performance of municipal land control”.

Regulations
Janvier, 2016
Fédération de Russie

This Regional Decree establishes the modalities of performance of municipal land control by local government. Municipal land control shall be conducted in the form of ordinary and extraordinary inspections of legal persons and individual entrepreneurs. The subject of inspection shall be checking data and information contained in the documentation related to land tenure, to ensure availability and conservation of landmarks.

Regional Law No. 1-RZ “On allotment in tenancy free of charge plots of land pertaining to public or municipal ownership”.

Legislation
Janvier, 2016
Fédération de Russie

This Regional Law lists municipal districts where plots of public or municipal land plots free of charge to citizens for individual residential housing construction or for family farming. It establishes categories of specialists working in rural areas that shall be eligible to such land transfer for the maximum period of six years.

Regional Law No. 3-TRZ “On state support of smallholders (family subsistence farming)”.

Legislation
Janvier, 2016
Fédération de Russie

This Regional Law sets forth a series of arrangements for state support of smallholders (family subsistence farming) with a view of increase of employment and improvement of economic conditions of rural population, promotion of regional food market, and delimits plenary powers of state bodies in the aforesaid sphere. Agricultural commodities produced by smallholders shall be their property, and vending of cash crops shall not be considered entrepreneurial activity. Either urban land or agricultural land in rural areas can be used for family subsistence farming.