Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin’s rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Following economic and political turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under the leadership of President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth. Russia faces a largely subdued rebel movement in Chechnya and some other surrounding regions, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Russia is a semi-presidential federation.
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Displaying 691 - 695 of 1046Regional Law No. 14-OZ “On expropriation, including bailout, of public land for public or municipal needs”.
This Regional Law establishes cases of expropriation, including bailout, of public land for public or municipal needs. The aforesaid expropriation shall be authorized in the following cases: (a) reservation of land plots for subsequent expropriation (bailout) of land plots for regional and municipal needs; (b) construction of public edifices in case of impossibility to locate them differently; and (c) construction in accordance with land-use planning scheme.
Regional Law No. 43-3-OZ amending Regional Law No. 132-10-OZ “On regulation of relations in the sphere of conservation, management, promotion and state protection of the objects of cultural heritage.
Article 24 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Infringement of the requirements for conservation, management and state protection of objects of cultural heritage of regional, local and municipal significance, violation of area thereof or non-observance of restrictions established within the boundaries thereof shall entail liability in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation”.
Regional Law No. 8/2013-OZ amending Regional Law No. 7/2008-OZ “On some issues of legal regulation of land relations”.
Article 1 shall be amended to add the following wording: “Orphaned children and children legally free shall have the right of allotment on condition of ownership free of charge of public land for individual housing construction in rural areas, gardening, horticulture and subsidiary smallholding”.
Amends: Regional Law No. 7/2008-OZ “On some issues of legal regulation of land relations”. (2009-06-04)
Regional Law No. 441-OZ “On some issues of granting of forest land plots to citizens free of charge for the length of service for limited utilization”.
This Regional Law establishes that forest land plots granted to citizens free of charge for the length of service for limited utilization shall be allotted to forest officers and staff of state hunting organizations (game managers and gamekeepers) for agro-forestry (haymaking, grazing, apiculture, growing of crops etc.). Land areas shall be established within the following limits: (a) arable land – 3 ha; (b) haymaking – 10 ha; and (c) other agricultural activities – 5 ha.
Regional Law No. 223-OZ “On objects of cultural heritage”.
This Regional Law regulates relations in the sphere of conservation, management, promotion and state protection of the objects of cultural heritage.